Techniques in Regional Anesthesia & Pain Management
Volume 10, Issue 2 , Pages 30-39 , April 2006

How anticoagulants work

  • Richard M. Jay, MD, FRCPC

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests and correspondence: Richard M. Jay, MD, FRCPC, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Suite A-459, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M4N 3M5
    • ,
  • Philip Lui, PharmD

References 

  1. Warkentin T , Crowther M . Reversing anticoagulants both old and new . Can J Anaesth . 2002;49(suppl):S11–S26
  2. Colman RW . Overview of hemostasis . In:  Colman RW ,  Hirsh J ,  Marder V , et al. editor. Hemostasis and Thrombosis . ed 4. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2001;p. 3–20
  3. Leung L . Hemostasis and its regulation . ACP Medicine . 2003;5:1–10
  4. Loscalzo J . Overview of hemostasis and fibrinolysis . In:  Sasahara A ,  Loscalzo J editor. New Therapeutic Agents in Thrombosis and Thrombolysis . ed 2. New York: Marcel Decker; 2003;p. 1–7
  5. Savi P , Hebert J . Clopidogrel and ticlopidine (P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate-receptor antagonists for the prevention of atherothrombosis) . Semin Thromb Hemostas . 2005;31:174–183
  6. Patrono C , Coller B , Fitzgerald G , et al.  Platelet-active drugs (the Relationships among dose, effectiveness and side effects) . Chest . 2004;126(suppl):234S–264S
  7. Hirsh J , O’Donnell M , Weitz J . New anticoagulants . Blood . 2005;105:453–463
  8. Di Nisio M , Middeldorp S , Buller H . Direct thrombin inhibitors . N Engl J Med . 2005;353:1028–1040
  9. Patrono C . Aspirin as an antiplatelet drug . N Engl J Med . 1994;330:1287–1294
  10. Schroder H , Schror K . Clinical pharmacology of acetylsalicylic acid . Z Kardiol . 1992;81:171–175
  11. Harder S , Klinkhardt U , Alvarez JM . Avoidance of bleeding during surgery in patients receiving anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet therapy . Clin Pharmacokinet . 2004;43:963–981
  12. Product monograph Ticlid, Roche (USA), revision March 2001
  13. Buur T , Larsson R , Berglund U , et al.  Pharmacokinetics and effect of ticlopidine on platelet aggregation in subjects with normal and impaired renal function . J Clin Pharmacol . 1997;37:108–115
  14. Product monograph Plavix, Sanofi-Synthelabo, preparation October 1998, revision April 2004
  15. Muller I , Seyfarth M , Rudiger S , et al.  Effect of a high loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet function in patients undergoing coronary stent placement . Heart . 2001;85:92–93
  16. Weber AA , Braun M , Hohfeld T , et al.  Recovery of platelet function after discontinuation of clopidogrel treatment in healthy volunteers . Br J Clin Pharmacology . 2001;52:333–336
  17. Mascelli MA , Lance ET , Damaraju L , et al.  Pharmacodynamic profile of short-term abciximab treatment demonstrates prolonged platelet inhibition with gradual recovery from GP IIb/IIIa receptor blockade . Circulation . 1998;97:1680–1688
  18. Tcheng JE , Ellis SG , George BS , et al.  Pharmacodynamics of chimeric glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin antiplatelet antibody Fab 7E3 in high-risk coronary angioplasty . Circulation . 1994;90:1757–1764
  19. Faulds D , Sorkin EM . Abciximab (c7E3 Fab). A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in ischemic heart disease . Drugs . 1994;48:583–598
  20. Product monograph Integrillin, Key Pharmaceuticals (Canada), preparation June 1999, revision June 2004
  21. Harrington RA , Kleiman NS , Kottke-Marchant K , et al.  Immediate and reversible platelet inhibition after intravenous administration of a peptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor during percutaneous coronary intervention . Am J Cardiol . 1995;76:1222–1227
  22. Alton KB , Kosoglou T , Baker S , et al.  Disposition of 14C-eptifibatide after intravenous administration to healthy men . Clin Ther . 1998;20:307–323
  23. Product information, AHFS Drug Information. Aggrastat (tirofiban hydrochloride). Bethesda, MD (USA), 2005
  24. The RESTORE Investigators . Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with tirofiban on adverse cardiac events in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty . Circulation . 1997;96:1445–1453
  25. Product monograph Coumadin, Bristol-Myers Squibb (USA), revision April 2005
  26. Breckenridge AM . Oral anticoagulant drugs (pharmacokinetic aspects) . Semin Hematol . 1978;15:19–26
  27. Harder S , Thurmann P . Clinically important drug interactions with anticoagulants (an update) . Clin Pharmacokinet . 1996;30:416–444
  28. Ansell J , Hirsh J , Poller L , et al.  The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists . Chest . 2004;126(suppl):204S–233S
  29. Product information, AHFS Drug Information. Heparin sodium. Bethesda, MD (USA), 2005
  30. De Swart CAM , Nijmeyer B , Roelofs JMM , et al.  Kinetics of intravenously administered heparin in normal humans . Blood . 1982;60:1251–1258
  31. Kronemann H , Eikelboom BC , Knot EA , et al.  Pharmacokinetics of low-molecular-weight heparin and unfractionated heparin during elective aortobifemoral bypass grafting . J Vasc Surg . 1991;14:208–214
  32. Kleinschmidt K , Charles R . Pharmacology of low molecular weight heparins . Emerg Med Clin North Am . 2001;19:1025–1049
  33. Product monograph Lovenox, Aventis Pharma (Canada)
  34. Product monograph Fragmin, Pfizer (Canada), preparation September 2003, revision September 2004
  35. Product monograph Innohep, LEO (Canada)
  36. Product monograph Fraxiparine, GlaxoSmithKline (Canada), preparation September 2004, revision October 2004
  37. Product monograph Arixtra, GlaxoSmithKline (Canada), preparation May 2002, revision March 2004
  38. Donat F , Duret JP , Santoni A , et al.  The pharmacokinetics of fondaparinux sodium in healthy volunteers . Clinical Pharmacokinet . 2002;41(suppl 2):1–9
  39. Koopman MMW , Buller HR . Short and long acting synthetic pentasaccharides . J Intern Med . 2003;254:335–342
  40. Weitz JI . New anticoagulants for treatment of venous thromboembolism . Circulation . 2004;110(suppl 1):I19–I26
  41. Bradbrook ID , Magnani HN , Moelker HC , et al.  ORG 10172 (a low molecular weight heparinoid anticoagulant with a long half-life in man) . Br J Clin Pharmacol . 1987;23:667–675
  42. Ibbostson T , Perry CM . Danaparoid, a review of its use in thromboembolic and coagulation disorders . Drugs . 2002;62:2283–2314
  43. Danhof M , De Boer A , Magnani HN , et al.  Pharmacokinetic considerations on orgaran (ORG-10172) therapy . Haemostasis . 1992;22:73–84
  44. Wilde MI , Markham A . Danaparoid, a review of its pharmacology and clinical use in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia . Drugs . 1997;54:903–924
  45. Product monograph Refludan, Berlex (Canada), preparation October 1999, revision April 2005
  46. Chong B . Heparin–induced thrombocytopenia . J Thromb Haemostas . 2003;1:1471–1478
  47. Product monograph Angiomax, Oryx (Canada)
  48. Product monograph Argatroban, Abbott Laboratories (USA), April 2003. Distributed by GlaxoSmithKline
  49. Ferraris VA , Swanson E . Aspirin usage and perioperative blood loss in patients undergoing unexpected operations . Surg Gynecol Obstet . 1983;156:439–442
  50. Scarborough RM , Kleiman NS , Philips DR . Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists. What are the relevant issues concerning their pharmacology and clinical use? . Circulation . 1999;100:437
  51. Tcheng JE . Clinical Challenges of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor therapy (bleeding, reversal, thrombocytopenia, and retreatment) . Am Heart J . 2000;139:S38–S45
  52. Nee R , Doppenschmidt D , Donovan DJ , et al.  Intravenous versus subcutaneous vitamin K1 in reversing excessive oral anticoagulation . Am J Cardiol . 1999;83:286–288
  53. Ratnoff OD . Some therapeutic agents influencing hemostasis . In:  Colman RW ,  Hirsh J ,  Marder V , et al. editor. Hemostasis and Thrombosis . ed 2. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Co; 1987;p. 1026–1047
  54. Park KW . Protamine and protamine reactions . Int Anesthesiol Clin . 2004;42:135–145
  55. Crowther MA , Berry LR , Monagle P , et al.  Mechanisms responsible for the failure of protamine to inactivate low-molecular-weight heparin . Br J Haematol . 2002;116:178–186
  56. Bijsterveld NR , Moons AH , Boekholdt SM , et al.  Ability of recombinant factor VIIa to reverse the anticoagulant effect of the pentasaccharide fondaparinux in healthy volunteers . Circulation . 2002;106:2550–2554
  57. Nowak G , Bucha E , Goock T , et al.  Pharmacology of r-hirudin in renal impairment . Thromb Res . 1992;66:707–715
  58. Horlocker T , Wedel D , Benzon H , et al.  Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient (defining the risks (The Second ASRA Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation)) . Reg Anesth Pain Med . 2003;28:172–197

PII: S1084-208X(06)00020-6

doi: 10.1053/j.trap.2006.04.002

Techniques in Regional Anesthesia & Pain Management
Volume 10, Issue 2 , Pages 30-39 , April 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution