Techniques in Regional Anesthesia & Pain Management
Volume 12, Issue 4 , Pages 171-177 , October 2008

Regional anesthesia and the perioperative period: basis and principles

  • Marc Beaussier, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests and correspondence: Marc Beaussier, MD, PhD, Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale, 184 rue du Fbg St-Antoine, 75571 Paris, Cedex 12, France
  • ,
  • Arthur Atchabahian, MD
  • ,
  • Nicolas Dufeu, MD

References 

  1. Kehlet H, Dahl J. Anaesthesia, surgery, and challenges in postoperative recovery. Lancet. 2003;362:1921–1928
  2. Kehlet H, Holte K. Effect of postoperative analgesia on surgical outcome. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:62–72
  3. Creditor MC. Hazards of hospitalization of the elderly. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:219–223
  4. Siu AL, Penrod JD, Boockvar KS, et al. Early ambulation after hip fracture: effects on function and mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:766–771
  5. Kehlet H. Postoperative opioid sparing to hasten recovery (editorial). Anesthesiology. 2005;102:1083–1085
  6. White PF, Kehlet H, Neal JM, et al. The role of the anesthesiologist in fast-track surgery: from multimodal analgesia to perioperative medical care. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1380–1396
  7. Liu SS, Strodtbeck WM, Richman JM, et al. A comparison of regional versus general anesthesia for ambulatory anesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1634–1642
  8. Werawatganon T, Charuluxanun S. Patient controlled intravenous opioid analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia for pain after intra-abdominal surgery (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;1:CD004088
  9. Richman JM, Liu SS, Courpas G, et al. Does continuous peripheral nerve block provide superior pain control to opioids? (A meta-analysis). Anesth Analg. 2006;102:248–257
  10. Liu S, Richman J, Thirlby R, et al. Efficacy of continuous wound catheter delivering local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;203:914–932
  11. Liu SS, Salinas FV. Continuous plexus and peripheral nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:263–272
  12. Grant SA, Nielsen KC, Greengrass RA, et al. Continuous peripheral nerve block for ambulatory surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001;26:209–214
  13. Ilfeld BM, Enneking FK. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home: a review. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1822–1833
  14. Klein SM, Nielsen KC, Greengrass RA, et al. Ambulatory discharge after long-acting peripheral nerve blockade: 2382 blocks with ropivacaine. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:65–70
  15. Callesen T, Bech K, Kehlet H. One-thousand consecutive inguinal hernia repair under unmonitored local anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:1373–1376
  16. Kehlet H. Labat lecture 2005: surgical stress and postoperative outcome-from here to where?. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:47–52
  17. Greisen J, Juhl CB, Grofte T, et al. Acute pain induces insulin resistance in humans. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:578–584
  18. Carli F, Schriker T. Modulation of the catabolic response to surgery. Nutrition. 2000;16:777–780
  19. Holte K, Kehlet H. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia: effects on surgical stress responses and implications for postoperative nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2002;21:199–206
  20. Liu S, Carpenter RL, Neal JM. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia (Their role in postoperative outcome). Anesthesiology. 1995;82:1474–1506
  21. Christensen P, Brandt MR, Rem J, et al. Influence of extradural morphine on the adrenocortical and hyperglycaemic response to surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1982;54:23–27
  22. Mistraletti G, De La Cuadra-Fontaine JC, Asenjo FJ, et al. Comparison of analgesic methods for total knee arthroplasty: metabolic effect of exogenous glucose. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:260–269
  23. Hall GM, Peerbhoy D, Shenkin A, et al. Relationship of the functional recovery after hip arthroplasty to the neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses. Br J Anaesth. 2001;4:537–542
  24. Pham-Marcou TA, Gentili M, Asehnoune K, et al. Effect of neurolytic nerve block on systemic carrageenan-induced inflammatory response in mice. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95:243–246
  25. Bagry H, de la Cuadra Fontaine JC, Asenjo JF, et al. Effect of a continuous peripheral nerve block on the inflammatory response in knee arthroplasty. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:17–23
  26. Klein SM, Evans H, Nielsen KC, et al. Peripheral nerve block techniques for ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1663–1676
  27. Hadzic A, Arliss J, Kerimoglu B, et al. A comparison of infraclavicular nerve block versus general anesthesia for hand and wrist day-case surgeries. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:127–132
  28. Hadzic A, Karaca PE, Hobeika P, et al. Peripheral nerve blocks result in superior recovery profile compared with general anesthesia in outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:976–981
  29. Korhonen AM, Valanne JV, Jokela RM, et al. A comparison of selective spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine and general anesthesia with desflurane for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1668–1673
  30. Capdevila X, Barthelet Y, Biboulet P, et al. Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on the surgical outcome and duration of rehabilitation after major knee surgery. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:8–15
  31. Capdevila X, Dadure C, Bringuier S, et al. Effect of patient-controlled perineural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after ambulatory orthopedic surgery: a multicenter randomized trial. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:566–573
  32. Chelly JE, Greger J, Gebhard R, et al. Continuous femoral blocks improve recovery and outcome of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2001;16:436–445
  33. Ilfeld BM, Le LT, Meyer RS, et al. Ambulatory continuous femoral nerve blocks decrease time to discharge readiness after tricompartment total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:703–713
  34. Ilfeld BM, Vandenborne K, Duncan PW, et al. Ambulatory continuous interscalene nerve blocks decrease the time to discharge readiness after total shoulder arthroplasty: a randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:999–1007
  35. Singelyn FJ, Deyaert M, Joris D, et al. Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, continuous epidural analgesia, and continuous three-in-one block on postoperative pain and knee rehabilitation after unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:88–92
  36. White PF, Issioui T, Skrivanek GD, et al. The use of a continuous popliteal sciatic nerve block after surgery involving the foot and ankle: does it improve the quality of recovery?. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1303–1309
  37. Singelyn FJ, Ferrant T, Malisse MF, et al. Effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine, continuous epidural analgesia, and continuous femoral nerve sheath block on rehabilitation after unilateral total-hip arthroplasty. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:452–457
  38. Singelyn FJ, Gouverneur JM. Postoperative analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: i.v. PCA with morphine, patient-controlled epidural analgesia, or continuous “3-in-1” block? (a prospective evaluation by our acute pain service in more than 1,300 patients). J Clin Anesth. 1999;11:550–554
  39. Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Kristensen BB, et al. Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after hip fracture surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:1197–1204
  40. Matot I, Oppenheim-Eden A, Ratrot R, et al. Preoperative cardiac events in elderly patients with hip fracture randomized to epidural or conventional analgesia. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:156–163
  41. Nordin P, Zetterström H, Nilsson E. Local, regional or general anaesthesia in groin hernia repair: multicenter randomised trial. Lancet. 2003;362:853–858
  42. Song D, Greilich N, White P, et al. Recovery profiles and costs of anesthesia for outpatient unilateral inguinal herniorraphy. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:876–881
  43. Li S, Coloma M, White PF, et al. Comparison of the costs and recovery profiles of three anesthetic techniques for ambulatory anorectal surgery. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:1225–1230
  44. Marret E, Rémy C, Bonnet F, et al. Meta-analysis of epidural analgesia versus parenteral opioid analgesia after colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2007;94:665–673
  45. Carli F, Kehlet H. Continuous epidural analgesia for colonic surgery–but what about the future?. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:140–142
  46. Beaussier M, El'Ayoubi H, Schiffer E, et al. Continuous preperitoneal infusion of ropivacaine provides effective analgesia and accelerates recovery after colorectal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:461–468
  47. Kehlet H, Liu SS. Continuous local anesthetic wound infusion to improve postoperative outcome: back to the periphery?. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:369–371
  48. Salinas FV, Liu SS, Mulroy MF. The effect of single-injection femoral nerve block versus continuous femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty on hospital length of stay and long-term functional recovery within an established clinical pathway. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1234–1239
  49. Peyton P, Myles P, Silbert B, et al. Perioperative epidural analgesia and outcome after major abdominal surgery in high-risk patients. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:548–554
  50. Rigg JA, Jamrozik K, Myles PS, et al. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1276–1282
  51. Basse L, Raskov HH, Jakobsen DH, et al. Accelerated postoperative recovery programme after colonic resection improves physical performance, pulmonary function and body composition. Br J Surg. 2002;89:446–453
  52. Carli F, Mayo N, Klubien K, et al. Epidural analgesia enhances functional exercice capacity and health-related quality of life after colonic surgery (Result of a randomized trial). Anesthesiology. 2002;97:540–549
  53. Moiniche S, Kehlet H, Dahl JB. A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief: the role of timing of analgesia. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:725–741
  54. Senturk M, Ozcan P, Talu G, et al. The effects of three different analgesia techniques on long-term postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:11–15
  55. Lavand'homme P, De Kock M, Waterloos H. Intraoperative epidural analgesia combined with ketamine provides effective preventive analgesia in patients undergoing major digestive surgery. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:813–820
  56. Brandsborg B, Nikolajsen L, Hansen CT, et al. Risk factors for chronic pain after hysterectomy: a nationwide questionnaire and database study. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:1003–1012
  57. Nordin P, Zetterstrom H, Carlsson P, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of local, regional and general anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair using data from a randomized clinical trial. Br J Surg. 2007;94:500–505
  58. Fong HK, Sands LP, Leung JM. The role of postoperative analgesia in delirium and cognitive decline in elderly patients: a systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1255–1266
  59. Vallejo R, de Leon-Casasola O, Benyamin R. Opioid therapy and immunosuppression: a review. Am J Ther. 2004;11:354–365
  60. Exadaktylos AK, Buggy DJ, Moriarty DC, et al. Can anesthetic technique for primary breast cancer surgery affect recurrence or metastasis?. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:660–664
  61. Auroy Y, Benhamou D, Bargues L, et al. Major complications of regional anesthesia in France: The SOS Regional Anesthesia Hotline Service. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:1274–1280
  62. Wiegel M, Gottschaldt U, Hennebach R, et al. Complications and adverse effects associated with continuous peripheral nerve blocks in orthopedic patients. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1578–1582
  63. Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Kalberer F, et al. Acute and nonacute complications associated with interscalene block and shoulder surgery: a prospective study. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:875–880
  64. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ. Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks: what are the benefits?. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52:727–737
  65. Lee LA, Posner KL, Domino KB, et al. Injuries associated with regional anesthesia in the 1980s and 1990s: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:143–152
  66. Biboulet P, Capdevila X, Aubas P, et al. Causes and prediction of maldistribution during continuous spinal anesthesia with isobaric or hyperbaric bupivacaine. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:1487–1494
  67. Hadzic A, Vloka JD, Kuroda MM, et al. The practice of peripheral nerve blocks in the United States: a national survey [p2e comments]. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1998;23:241–246
  68. Rochette A, Dadure C, Raux O, et al. A review of pediatric regional anesthesia practice during a 17-year period in a single institution. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007;17:874–880
  69. Fowler SJ, Symons J, Sabato S, et al. Epidural analgesia compared with peripheral nerve blockade after major knee surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2008;100:154–164
  70. Davies RG, Myles PS, Graham JM. A comparison of the analgesic efficacy and side-effects of paravertebral vs epidural blockade for thoracotomy–a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96:418–426
  71. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Spinal anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair?. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:1–2
  72. Ranta PO, Ala-Kokko TI, Kukkonen JE, et al. Incisional and epidural analgesia after caesarean delivery: a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2006;15:189–194
  73. van Geffen GJ, McCartney CJ, Gielen M, et al. Ultrasound as the only nerve localization technique for peripheral nerve block. J Clin Anesth. 2007;19:381–385
  74. Chan VW, Perlas A, McCartney CJ, et al. Ultrasound guidance improves success rate of axillary brachial plexus block. Can J Anaesth. 2007;54:176–182
  75. Klein SM, Fronheiser MP, Reach J, et al. Piezoelectric vibrating needle and catheter for enhancing ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1858–1860
  76. Pedersen JL, Lilleso J, Hammer NA, et al. Bupivacaine in microcapsules prolongs analgesia after subcutaneous infiltration in humans: a dose-finding study. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:912–918
  77. Padera R, Bellas E, Tse JY, et al. Local myotoxicity from sustained release of bupivacaine from microparticles. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:921–928
  78. Carvalho B, Roland LM, Chu LF, et al. Single-dose, extended-release epidural morphine (DepoDur) compared to conventional epidural morphine for post-cesarean pain. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:176–183
  79. American Society of Anesthesiologits Task Force on Acute Pain Management. Practice guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:1573–1581
  80. Oldman M, McCartney CJ, Leung A, et al. A survey of orthopedic surgeons' attitudes and knowledge regarding regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:1486–1490
  81. Matthey PW, Finegan BA, Finucane BT. The public's fears about and perceptions of regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29:96–101
  82. Hu P, Harmon D, Frizelle H. Patient comfort during regional anesthesia. J Clin Anesth. 2007;19:67–74
  83. Masursky D, Dexter F, McCartney CJ, et al. Predicting orthopedic surgeons' preferences for peripheral nerve blocks for their patients. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:561–567
  84. Richman JM, Stearns JD, Rowlingson AJ, et al. The introduction of a regional anesthesia rotation: effect on resident education and operating room efficiency. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18:240–241
  85. Klein SM, Pietrobon R, Nielsen KC, et al. Peripheral nerve blockade with long-acting local anesthetics: a survey of the Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:71–76
  86. Smith MP, Sprung J, Zura A, et al. A survey of exposure to regional anesthesia techniques in American anesthesia residency training programs. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999;24:11–16
  87. Lim MW, Burt G, Rutter SV. Use of three-dimensional animation for regional anaesthesia teaching: application to interscalene brachial plexus blockade. Br J Anaesth. 2005;94:372–377
  88. Armstrong KP, Cherry RA. Brachial plexus anesthesia compared to general anesthesia when a block room is available. Can J Anaesth. 2004;51:41–44
  89. Horn JL, Swide C, Gaebel BA, et al. Comparison of efficiency, recovery profile and perioperative costs of regional anaesthesia vs. general anaesthesia for outpatient upper extremity surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2007;24:557–559
  90. Williams BA, Kentor ML, Vogt MT, et al. Economics of nerve block pain management after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: potential hospital cost savings via associated postanesthesia care unit bypass and same-day discharge. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:697–706

PII: S1084-208X(08)00046-3

doi: 10.1053/j.trap.2008.09.005

Techniques in Regional Anesthesia & Pain Management
Volume 12, Issue 4 , Pages 171-177 , October 2008