Techniques in Regional Anesthesia & Pain Management
Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 217-228 , October 2009

Techniques for epidural injections

  • Vikram B. Patel, MD, FIPP

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests and correspondence: Vikram B. Patel, MD, FIPP, ACMI Pain Care, LLC, 1479 Commerce Drive, Algonquin, IL 60102

References 

  1. Cortés Román C. [Lumbar epidural anesthesia, 1931-1936: a second debut.]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2005;52:159–168
  2. Buckingham WW, Beatty AJ, Brasher CA, et al. The technique of administering epidural anesthesia in thoracic surgery. Dis Chest. 1950;17:561–568
  3. Evans W. Intrasacral epidural injection therapy in the treatment of sciatica. Lancet. 1930;2:1225–1229
  4. Gordon J. Caudal extradural injection for the treatment of low back pain. Anaesthesia. 1980;35:515–516
  5. White AH. Injection techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am. 1983;14:553–567
  6. el-Khoury GY, Ehara S, Weinstein JN, et al. Epidural steroid injection: A procedure ideally performed with fluoroscopic control. Radiology. 1988;168:554–557
  7. Stitz MY, Sommer HM. Accuracy of blind versus fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural injection. Spine. 1999;24:1371–1376
  8. Furman MB, Giovanniello MT, O'Brien EM. Incidence of intravascular penetration in transforaminal cervical epidural steroid injections. Spine. 2003;28:21–25
  9. Sekiguchi M, Yabuki S, Satoh K, et al. An anatomic study of the sacral hiatus: A basis for successful caudal epidural block. Clin J Pain. 2004;20:51–54
  10. Senoglu N, Senoglu M, Oksuz H, et al. Landmarks of the sacral hiatus for caudal epidural block: An anatomical study. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95:692–695
  11. Nagar SK. A study of sacral hiatus in dry human sacra. J Anat Soc India. 2004;53:18–21
  12. Hogan Q. Lumbar epidural anatomy—A new look by cryomicrotome section. Anesthesiology. 1991;75:767–775
  13. Takase K, Sawamura Y, Igarashi K, et al. Demonstration of the artery of Adamkiewicz at multi–detector row helical CT1. Radiology. 2002;223:39–45
  14. Lee IS, Kim SH, Lee JW, et al. Comparison of the temporary diagnostic relief of transforaminal epidural steroid injection approaches: Conventional versus posterolateral technique. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:204–208
  15. Teoh DA, Santosham KL, Lydell CC, et al. Surface anatomy as a guide to vertebral level for thoracic epidural placement. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:1705–1707
  16. Hong J, Park D, Lee M, et al. Anatomical variations of the vertebral artery segment in the lower cervical spine: Analysis by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography. Spine. 2008;33:2422–2426
  17. Huntoon MA. Anatomy of the cervical intervertebral foramina: Vulnerable arteries and ischemic neurologic injuries after transforaminal epidural injections. Pain. 2005;117:104–111
  18. Hoeft MA, Rathmell JP, Monsey RD, et al. Cervical transforaminal injection and the radicular artery: Variation in anatomical location within the cervical intervertebral foramina. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31:270–274
  19. Stojanovic MP, Vu TN, Caneris O, et al. The role of fluoroscopy in cervical epidural steroid injections: An analysis of contrast dispersal patterns. Spine. 2002;27:509–514
  20. Heavner JE, Racz GB, Jenigiri B, et al. Sharp versus blunt needle: A comparative study of penetration of internal structures and bleeding in dogs. Pain Practice. 2003;3:226–231
  21. Windsor RE, Storm S, Sugar R, et al. Cervical transforaminal injection: Review of the literature, complications, and a suggested technique. Pain Physician. 2003;6:457–465

PII: S1084-208X(09)00040-8

doi: 10.1053/j.trap.2009.06.012

Techniques in Regional Anesthesia & Pain Management
Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 217-228 , October 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution