Techniques in Regional Anesthesia & Pain Management
Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 203-204 , October 2009

Epidural steroid injections: What's new?

References 

  1. Evans W. Intrasacral epidural injection therapy in the treatment of sciatica. Lancet. 1930;2:1225–1229
  2. el-Khoury GY, Ehara S, Weinstein JN, et al. Epidural steroid injection: A procedure ideally performed with fluoroscopic control. Radiology. 1988;168:554–557
  3. White AH. Injection techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am. 1983;14:553–567
  4. Nygaard OP, Mellgren SI, Osterud B. The inflammatory properties of contained and noncontained lumbar disk herniation. Spine. 1997;22:2484-2488
  5. Wenkelstein BA, Rutkowski MD, Sweitzer SM, et al. Nerve injury proximal or distal to the DRG induces similar spinal glial activation and selective cytokine expression but differential behavioral responses to pharmacologic treatment. J Comp Neurol. 2001;439:127–139
  6. Burchiel KJ, Ochoa JL. Pathophysiology of injured axons. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 1991;2:105–116
  7. Rathmell JP, Aprill C, Bogduk N. Cervical transforaminal injection of steroids. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:1595–1600
  8. Fitzgibbon DR, Posner KL, Domino KB, et al. Chronic pain management (American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project). Anesthesiology. 2004;100:98–105
  9. Takeuchi H, Kawaguchi S, Mizuno S, et al. Gene expression profile of dorsal root ganglion in a lumbar radiculopathy model. Spine. 2008;33:2483–2488
  10. Crue BL, Pinsky J. The chronic pain syndrome: Don't forget the unconscious mechanisms!. Pain Med. 2009;10:6–7

PII: S1084-208X(09)00069-X

doi: 10.1053/j.trap.2009.08.001

Techniques in Regional Anesthesia & Pain Management
Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 203-204 , October 2009

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