Rapid acting analgesics

A majority of patients with acute and chronic pain experience breakthrough pain above their baseline, despite a fixed regimen. The characteristics of current short-acting oral medications are not optimal because they often peak too late and last beyond the duration of pain. Oral absorption limits the onset time, whereas the development of newer routes can shorten onset times. A number of medications, both opioid and nonopioid, are being developed for intranasal delivery with promising results. In addition to the intranasal administration route being efficacious, it also provides better patient satisfaction by allowing the patient to titrate their own pain medication. There are legitimate concerns for abuse and addiction with these medications, which will need to be minimized with proper dispensing modifications. A number of nonopioid agents are also entering the market that will allow for multimechanistic analgesic plans. Although ketamine is not a common component of current pain treatment plans, the development of an intranasal formulation may potentially produce wider acceptance. Many traditional medications, including ibuprofen and acetaminophen, have been developed for parenteral administration. Intravenous ibuprofen or diclofenac can be administered for a longer duration and have a lower bleeding risk then ketorolac. Intravenous acetaminophen can provide balanced analgesia when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are contraindicated, as is common in the postoperative period. The role of individual agents in each specialty is not currently clear, but the future treatment of pain, both acute and chronic, is brighter with the addition of these formulations.

Keywords: Rapid, Analgesics, Intranasal, Ketamine, Morphine, Fentanyl, Intravenous, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen, Breakthrough, Pain